Guadalajara in Prehistory
In the territory of present day Guadalajara Atemajac Valley; few elements have been found fossilized but being the state capital, stored in the Museum of Paleontology and the Regional de Guadalajara, a sample of which corresponds to the time prehistoric. Among the objects that have been found are fragments of human skulls and animal remains and other objects of bone, clay, etc.., Including: spear points, scrapers, awls, and others worked with obsidian. It is possible that, having Atemajac Valley a pleasant climate and abundant water, the life of the nomads make it easier on the road to discover agriculture and thus, begin to form sedentary groups.
Prehispanic
Properly in downtown Atemáxac Valley, which is now the city of Guadalajara, there were no people living there were only around like that inhabited Mezquitan tecuexes and Tonallan (today Tonala), the most important kingdom region.
However, in making excavations for parking that is under the esplanade in front of the temple Expiatorio, were found some archaeological materials, which can be the beginning of some interesting development.
To the east there Tonallan, and another village named Tetlan (Tetlán). Similarly, at the ends of the valley, were the heads of Zapopan, Atemajac, Zoquipan, Tesistán, Coyula and Huentitán. They had their own language, culture and religion. As to religion, were always similar between them throughout Mesoamerica.
The founding of Guadalajara
The foundation of the city of Guadalajara, was in charge of the Spanish, began the conquest of the south Jalisco State. Olid entered by Mazamitla and Tamazula 1522. In 1524 Hernán Cortés sent his cousin Francisco Cortés de San Buenaventura, to know the coast and look for precious metals and Alonso de Avalos, who conform what we call Avalos Provinces.
But it was not until March of 1530 when the conqueror of today Jalisco, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, took over the direction of La Barca to Tonallan, where he was received by the Cihualpilli, (the queen) Tzapotzintli name.
Nuno de Guzman was accompanied by 500 Spanish soldiers and 15 thousand Mexica subject, the Mexica were used as guides and laborers in the mines were found. The interest was to dominate the lands of Caxcanes groups that were on the other side of the canyon Huentitán. Nuno de Guzman defeated the chiefs of the region and, as there were no powerful indigenous groups there, decided to put to the conquered lands Guadalajara, in honor of the Spanish city of the same name. Began the process to the final establishment of Guadalajara, making before the current had three foundations. Guzman traveled to the Cazcana Tonala, but only got as far Nochistlan (Nochiztlan) there, in 1532, founded the first city. He wanted to have a city that would serve to secure his conquests yet able to defend the natural bellicosity.
The town of Guadalajara was founded by 42 neighbors Guadalajara name it took in memory of Guadalajara, Spain, birthplace of Nuño de Guzmán. Guadalajara The word comes from the Arabic word "Wad-al-hidjara" meaning "river running through stones".
Villa did not last long in this place, with the consent of Guzman, Cristobal de Oñate, Miguel de Ibarra and Sancho Ortiz, on May 19, 1533, they planned to move it from place to where there was more water, better communication and less dust devils.
In one year, the city moved to Tonala (Tonallan), before moving on to Tlacotán (Tlacotlán) in 1535. Already Tlacotán region, it was essential to strengthen the Iberian army, for which it requested the participation of Pedro de Alvarado and the same viceroy, Don Antonio de Mendoza, who came with a very large troop between indigenous and Spanish. After seven days of fighting, after the defeat of the natives, the results were disastrous for them.
After the War ended Mixtón against cazcanes, (1540-1541), recrossed the river Santiago and in a place called Tetlan, (Tetlán) was recorded to settlers who would found the city. Immediately after the conquerors had assembled in Tetlan, he settled permanently in the city of Guadalajara Atemajac Valley, on February 14, 1542 after the first meeting of council at that time.
Established in the city Atemajac Valley on the west bank of the river, called it San Juan de Dios in the same region. This fact was performed by sixty-three Spanish with their families, who must have been an amount of about two hundred and sixty to three hundred Spaniards, more indigenous populations. That same day, installed the first city council and was appointed as the first Mayor Don Miguel de Ibarra. The center of this new city was located on the spot currently occupied by the convent of San Agustin and the Teatro Degollado.
It is known that since 1539, Guadalajara had received the title of city by Don Carlos I of Spain (V of Germany), a document that was lost when he had several wars before the definitive establishment.
And he was given a coat of arms for the king of Spain, on November 8, 1539, to date, has been modified and adopted for the entire State of Jalisco.
The spiritual conquest of Guadalajara
After Mixtón War, follows the spiritual conquest, which necessarily had to be in charge of religious. The first were the Franciscan Fathers Martin de Jesus, or of Corunna, and Andres de Cordoba, who arrived in Southern Jalisco since 1526. However, the monk par excellence and Guadalajara Jalisco, is Fray Antonio de Segovia for his performance during Mixtón War.
Tradition has it that the cazcanes after heroic struggle, defeated, but they knew they did not want to pay or deliver because they thought that war was to form, ie, that the prisoners would then sacrifice to the gods, that this friar, now he was here with the Spanish, begging that the war was suspended but, as no attention to her, then went there with the Indians and begged the same, but neither listened. However, even though the latter were of the enemy, did not touch him or hurt him. Tradition has it that Fray Antonio de Segovia slung across his chest an image of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception, made with cane pulp by the inhabitants of Michoacan natural image looked with great interest because it looked out a glow of light on the religious habit worn and that the stop to attack. Aborigines felt that as a sacred and respected, so that when our friar could understand them, promised them that if they surrendered nothing would happen, and I believe he left the small sculpture of the Virgin as a pledge of the word that I was giving. Legend has it that the promise was fulfilled.
In that image of the Virgin is venerated today and is called, among other names, the Peacekeeper, because it put mediating peace between the Indians and the Spanish in that armed struggle.
Colonial Period in Guadalajara
Guadalajara in the sixteenth century, was a small town with adobe houses with thatched roofs and a single floor. It was considered rather a step, traders frequented by travelers who, with their mules laden with merchandise, spend the night or a few days, staying at inns. Therefore, there were more counters for the carriers and macheros for mules, which family homes. With this, the Atemajac Valley was not losing its traditional state of life. Before the arrival of European settlers, it was also a place of passage of indigenous groups traveling from one place to another, usually to and from the West (Aztlan).
After the visit of an envoy of the king in 1544, establishes the need to form a bishopric and a Royal Audience in New Galicia. In 1546, he took charge of the first bishop in Nueva Galicia Spanish name Maraver Pedro Gomez, who until then had been a canon in Oaxaca, and its headquarters was in Compostela (now in the state of Nayarit), but soon returned to Guadalajara so inhospitable that place.
Maraver Gomez Bishop died in Mexico City in 1551, when he made arrangements to move the headquarters from Compostela to Guadalajara. The Royal Court depended Mexico City. Began to form in 1547 when it appointed four judges, who exert the same time the post of mayors.
The first to arrive was Lorenzo Lebron de Quiñones. The most important work was agriculture and livestock, if permitted land also mining. The indigenous labor was supported by black slaves (slavery then was allowed) and also represented the basis of all productive activity.
Often treated mercilessly natural, even though the Spanish kings were very attentive to not give such abuses, among other things, simply by caring for the livelihood of the viceroyalty.
Unfortunately for that Guadalajara, there were several epidemics that, consequently, dramatically reduced the indigenous population. Therefore, the year 1557 was founded the first hospital in Guadalajara and was given the name of Santa Veracruz. This was created because there was nowhere to be seen the neighbors. Until 1560, Guadalajara officially became the capital of Nueva Galicia.
Guadalajara in the seventeenth century
Within this time was very prosperous spiritual growth, material and cultural de Guadalajara, as the indigenous did not return to create more problems for Spanish, but instead, joined the new lifestyle offered miscegenation.
For this reason the number of inhabitants has increased, as well as schools, hospitals, churches and convents, in a larger city in size but still one story, with adobe houses and a number of inns and macheros for traders and goods passing through Guadalajara. In times of Bishop Ruiz Colmenero devotion grew by some invocations of the Virgin, both of Zapopan and La Soledad, such as San Juan de los Lagos, to correspond to the needs of the people and, in turn, Guadalajara received to various religious orders: Dominicans, Mercy, and Johannine Discalced Carmelites. All huge convents left ennobled the city, some of which now remains.
In the late sixteenth century, came to Guadalajara the first Dominican nuns. They came from the city of Puebla and built the convent of Santa Maria de Gracia to live in it. Later, there was an extension of this monastery in the Jesús María. In the late seventeenth century also came Discalced Carmelite nuns of Puebla, to found his home in Guadalajara, where they had built a convent for them, Santa Teresa. Since the sixteenth century, the children learned to read, write and sometimes, a little grammar. Those who wished to study more were forced to go to Mexico City, where they were the best colleges, including the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico.
Considering that is a season marked religious influence, the friars, especially Franciscans, Augustinians, Dominicans, Mercy, Jesuit and Discalced Carmelites, made much effort to keep themselves religious training institutes, establishing theology classes and larger studies and their novitiates. The diocesan clergy did not have a seminary until the late seventeenth century.
The city gained importance to the Spanish Crown, so that by the end of the seventeenth century the bishops were older and therefore socially relevant personalities with great culture, and drove the Creoles and the City.
The city life was much quieter than the viceregal capital. Only their peace was affected during religious festivals and especially the Paseo del Banner and September 29, the day of the city's patron, St. Michael the Archangel.
All that was done in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries for the arts, culture, divine worship and religion, was very poor, especially as there was no printing letters. Excel, however, the figure of the Franciscan friar Juan Guerra, who published in 1692 a text on the indigenous language that was spoken in this way.
In terms of culture, history and literature, most work was The Chronicle Miscellaneous Xalisco the Holy Province, the Franciscan friar Antonio Tello also. There were a few more other religious contributions. However, this deficiency did think neogallegas authorities on the possibility of a university, a printing and looking good role models. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were two main interests in the capital Guadalajara: 1. - Trade, and 2. - Evangelization and colonization of the Northwest. The population consisted more or less as in the previous century: Spanish peninsular, Creoles, mestizos, Indians, some Chinese, some Japanese and good amount of black laborios, among all of which were enriched castes.
The latter kept working as servants. To this we must add that goal Guadalajara was conducive to the immigration of Portuguese Jews and even Chichimeca Indians. Agriculture was common at this time. Many families in Guadalajara had large land intended for planting and harvesting, especially corn. Were harvested cacao and sugar cane, while trade with silver, mining and livestock, were also important activities of the residents of this city.
The Great Century XVIII
In this century, built a city with greater internal cohesion, it is seeking autonomy from Guadalajara and New Galicia over Mexico City. In the last quarter of the century began to be envious of the viceroyalty in relation to Spain.
In the eighteenth century, with all the shortcomings that could be New Spain, thanks to the efforts of New Spain, finally reached a positive balance in terms of achievements. It is the century in which it confirms and strengthens the sense of Mexican nationality.
Since the seventeenth century, parents Eusebio Kino and Juan Maria de Salvatierra of the Society of Jesus, became cornerstones for missionary work in the Northwest of the Viceroyalty, which emerged from the College of St. Thomas of Guadalajara. Part of the building is still preserved. The temple of the school is now the Latin American Library at the corner of Columbus and Pedro Moreno.
In this century, reached a very high standard of living among the people, because industry, field production, trades, mining and trade. This situation began to be reflected in the architecture of the capital Guadalajara. The society was composed of Spaniards and Creoles, that having higher cultural level and certain ethnic preference, enjoyed the better jobs.
At the same time, have a place in schools and college where egresaban to be almost always important men in the various branches of knowledge, trade, mining, agriculture and government. The intermediate social groups, in general, were the mestizos.
The Indians had a very special, somewhat paternalistic order of the authorities, that somehow prevented the exploitation of which in many cases were víctimas.En the eighteenth century there were a number of breeds, the result of the combination blood between peninsular Spanish, Creole, mestizo, indigenous, black African, Chinese and some Japanese, plus the result of blending together, such as the mulattos, the baboons, wolves, among other castes who practiced crafts humble, as servants , barilleros, builders and more.
One important thing is the viceroyalty and particularly the eighteenth century, is the food, the typical dishes of each region that are always characterized by being rich flavor, all mestizaje.Puebla product has the mole and chiles en nogada; Oaxaca black mole, Merida, Yucatan, the papatzules or cochinita pibil. Guadalajara having cuerito toast, pozole (potzolli), birria and often their most typical dishes.
Guadalajara eighteenth century, The Great City
Within this century, Guadalajara had several important events, earthquakes, epidemics and plagues devastated the capital several times. However it was also a century of great positive change. Such tragedies served to overcome, which made the city a real metropolis. No longer houses a flat, but two, since no mud, but stone ceilings no longer tiles but blacksmith dome and thin in most cases.
The temples and monasteries acquired great manor, giving the city a touch of elegance, almost all built consistently with the beautiful golden stone Atemajac.
Everything was manufactured under the standards of the most elegant Baroque style of the Baroque was never repeated, so that he gave his own stamp Guadalajara, with its corner columns in the houses and their bands on the basis of the buildings.
The fact so many frequent negative events that soon led to the number of hospitals grew. There were new roads and routes were served the traditional built a large number of schools and colleges always led by clerics.
Increased religious orders to serve patients, like those of the Oblates, camilos and the Johannine; girls' schools and houses for gathering of women, according to the needs grew and were well attended.
With new roads were opened so many paths for pack trains and public transport based on errands. From Guadalajara to Mexico, was one which, carrying four passengers, out every Friday and for twelve days of travel. A route was on Irapuato, where he changed car to reach the capital.
Trips forced the creation of mesons to spend the night on the road, after six to eight leagues a day of travel. Guadalajara has installed several inns, some were first class. One of these was in what is now the State Congress and else where now stands the Hotel Frances, Arsenal Street, behind the Government Palace.
Hence there were arriving and departing the proceedings. Culture, science and art had a place in Guadalajara and in major provinces, plus the viceregal capital, counted with one or more printers and thus grew bookstores and libraries with the acquis that came from Spain. Emphasized Francisco Xavier headstock and Matias de la Mota Padilla historians, and countless philosophers, lawyers, scientists, poets, writers and speakers.
The fine arts met its best: architecture, sculpture, painting, jewelry, music and more., Left an important legacy for the country and Guadalajara. There are still some of the material works of that time.
People forming ensembles amused either singing or instrumental, which were wonderful evenings between members of a family and their guests, wearing all tastefully, not exactly in the manner of the peninsula but with Mexican personality . The average family houses up, used to be very big, very bonded.
The poor, indigenous and castes, according to paintings of the time, they used to mingle with the middle class without difficulty, especially in the festivities, where there was joy, camaraderie and respect for each other, for Of course, with the company of great musical groups popular environment, sometimes same songs and syrups extralimitaban considered sinful and therefore prohibited.
With all this, the New Spain, culturally anticipated Peru forty years and more than a hundred years to the American colonies.
Late eighteenth century
In the last third of the eighteenth century, Guadalajara was already a large city, its size was not the same a hundred years earlier. At the end of the century, nearly twenty thousand people lived in about three hundred apples.
During the last thirty years of the eighteenth century, had grown Guadalajara definitely towards the East, on the other bank of the St. John of God, and also a little to the west and northbound little less.
At that time, Guadalajara had the following boundaries: North, the former convent of Santo Domingo, where now is the temple of San José, in front of the garden today Reformation. To the south, the convent of St. Francis of Assisi, which still exist and its main chapel of Our Lady of Aranzazu. To the east, the hospital and convent of San Juan de Dios, maimed today at the corner of the road and Avenida Independencia Javier Mina, which we left the church and one wing of the main cloister.
The Poniente, the huge convent of El Carmen, which virtually shut the city on that side. Today is just what was the oratory of the third order of El Carmen, which is what we know as the church of El Carmen, to the garden of the same name.
At the north side of the temple rise remains of the convent, today a cultural and exhibition center, and its side facing the West, before its destruction, Escobedo was prison, and now the land occupied was turned into the Revolution Park: Federalism and Juarez Avenue (formerly Moro and Escobedo).
This was the Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde received and Barriga, who arrived in 1771 and appointed bishop neogallego from the bishopric of Yucatan, with seventy years of age. After the various tragedies that put in crisis the capital Guadalajara, sprang into action the venerable Bishop Fray Antonio Alcalde, whose charity and love for humanity is revealed. As there was sufficient hospitals, Fray Antonio began construction in tow we know today as Civil work also to mitigate the lack of food that he lived.
To do others used their own resources and others, well managed by him, to serve the people.
Guadalajara at the end of the Viceroyalty
In the eighteenth century the city grew in all respects, the rich agricultural production, agriculture, mining, handicraft, trade, supply what is necessary for families and many tasks that were performed, in addition to other industries, such as the spinning and weaving wool and cotton, mueblera, fine crafts embroidery, the agave pita, saddles and harnesses.
Many skilled labor was in those years, especially in the stone work required that the Baroque style, it was almost always carried out by Indians, sometimes members of any caste; others, but always hands mestizo hands artists embroidered on the stone. Are many examples; include the churches of San Felipe Neri and Santa Monica, in the center of Guadalajara, gilded altarpieces are Aránzazu, San Francisco, the Government Palace, the former St. Joseph Seminary-today-and Regional Museum remainder of Santa María de Gracia, among several others.
This fundamental characteristic stone and baroque, also served in the temples to teach the doctrine to the faithful. There we see reflected scenes from the Passion of Christ, other biblical and so on. On the cutting and carving of the stone, there is a certain equality between indigenous workforce, Spanish and Creole, for all-to love or not-were artists.
At the end of the eighteenth century, more than half of the population were mestizos, Indians and castes. The rest consisted of peninsular Spanish and Creole.
According to the description and general census of the Municipality of Guadalajara 1789-1793, by José Menéndez Valdés, in the last year there were 186 Europeans, 9,386 Spanish (peninsular and Creole) and mestizos, 4,251 Indians, 6,538 mulattos and 3,898 people from other castes, which gave a total of 24,259 inhabitants. In 1768 he opened the port of San Blas in Nayarit coast, which was set up to trade in the Pacific and to supply settlers and missionaries of the Californias, but also served to protect the English pirates and corsairs, the famous Galleon Nao Manila-or China-who came from the East. San Blas ended up becoming an important trading place for the Nueva Galicia, Guadalajara and throughout the West of New Spain.
In 1793 came the first printing of Guadalajara run by Mariano Téllez Valdés, whose first edition was an eulogy to Fray Antonio Alcalde.
Multiple bridges and roads (for wagons) were made throughout the viceroyalty. To communicate to Guadalajara to other sites, there were few in Tololotlan (Tololotlán) and Calderon, to go to Los Altos and Zacatecas straightened Mochitiltic passing (Mochitiltic) towards Nayarit, Colima real way was efficient and the The route Barca went to the viceregal capital. If there were in all of Latin America, you may not have earned the aim pursued by the monks and people of good will who participated in the development of Guadalajara and acculturation and evangelization.
Prelude to Independence
During the last years of the eighteenth century emancipation provoked wishes, protests, unrest and concern among some residents of New Spain, to achieve your goal in the most convenient, which resulted in several outbreaks of conspiracy that were repressed in time .
Guadalajara soon this movement live on their land. The legendary Indian Mariano, "Golden Mask", was released on January 1, 1801 in Santa Fe de Izcatlan (Izcatlán) who dream to become king of the land, put on his head the crown of the statue of St. Joseph was in the parish of Tepic and so, in front of theirs, went into the fight that caused many deaths especially prisoners.
Such battles were growing in number and frequency until, following a complaint from the Queretaro conspiracy, war broke out, started in the quartermaster of Guanajuato, right in the village parish of Dolores, led by their pastor, priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the morning of September 16, 1810.
Independence comes to Guadalajara
The September 25, 1810, Guadalajara heard of the insurrection of Dolores, Guanajuato, initiated by Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the 16th of the same month and year. The canon of Uriah Jose Simeon Road, deputy to the Spanish courts by the city government of Guadalajara, and on the way to Veracruz to embark for Spain, in Queretaro learned what was happening and immediately sent word to Guadalajara for the measures to be taken relevant.
Between 1810 and 1811 the father Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was quickly opened a dazzling offensive on major cities that fell into his power, sent leaders to spread the revolution of independence of many parts and caused, in others, multiple accessions. Hidalgo was well received by the people of San Pedro, Tlaquepaque today, on November 25, 1810, and the next day, had a reception apotheosis in Guadalajara.
While the Palace reorganized his movement, the Master interviewing Torres, decreed the freedom of slaves and exclusive enjoyment of community land for the Indians, removed taxes and the prohibition of taking baggage, pastures and other objects Americans farms; made watertight disappear gunpowder, fabric dyes and cards, and the use of stamped paper.
Father Hidalgo created the first insurgent newspaper (very short-lived, only seven numbers), called "The American Clock", which was published under the direction of cure Pets, Francisco Severo Maldonado.
It is said that here in Guadalajara Hidalgo gave the title "Serene Highness". On the other hand, it is known that in Guadalajara Hidalgo formed the first national government, although there are no known documents to support that fact. Also, sent a young man who lived in Ameca called Paschasius Latvian Ortiz, with the intention of making contact with the United States of America as these, since 1776, had achieved independence and was a role model. Hidalgo's ambassador had full power to agree to military aid agreements and commercial.
There was a very negative event. According to statements by the same leader, the mob pushed him to consent to the killing of two hundred Spanish that took place in Bethlehem barranquitas this city. He arrived in the capital Guadalajara message Guadalajara moving toward army generals Venegas Viceroy Felix Maria Calleja and Joseph of the Cross with strict instructions to quell the revolt that led Hidalgo who, unknowingly Calleja decided to face with many thousands of fighters, at the Bridge of Calderón.
The Battle of Calderon Bridge on the outskirts of Guadalajara, there was the January 17, 1811. Discipline and better organization of the colonial army gave the victory to it, despite the numerical superiority of the insurgents.
The Consummation of Independence
Iturbide's popularity in Guadalajara was considerable, which is why he was welcomed with enthusiasm by the council, the University, the City by Bishop Crespo Camping who even immediately went to Mexico City to crown in the Cathedral itself Emperor Iturbide.
In Jalisco there were few bloody battles such as the one in which he was surrounded and defeated General Jose de la Cruz, a section chief of the royal army, who has retired to Durango Guadalajara, to adhere to the motion of the Three Guarantees, or Plan of Iguala.
Dismissed Viceroy Apodaca, rose tentatively Francisco Novella. Veracruz comes to the new viceroy, Don Juan de O'Donojú, who conducted negotiations with Iturbide, same ended with the Treaty of Córdoba's August 24, 1821 and endorsing the Plan of Iguala. Agustín de Iturbide triumphantly entered the capital of New Spain, on September 27, 1821. The New Galicia, now Jalisco, including Guadalajara, joined the Plan of Iguala since June 13, 1821, according to tradition, at home 176 Independence Street in San Pedro Tlaquepaque.
After Pedro Celestino Negrete was San Pedro Tlaquepaque in Guadalajara, in front of the troops had already proclaimed boss, he was received in the capital Guadalajara by municipal and provincial authorities, while José de la Cruz fled to Spain.
Independent Guadalajara in Mexico, Siglo XIX (1821-1876)
Guadalajara had major interference in the introduction of federalism. Work is distinguished Federalist Priscillian Sanchez, Luis Quintanar and Valentin Gomez Farias. City also participated in the proclamation of the federal republic and the Constitution of 1824.
Free State was established Jalisco and its first governor was Don Priscillian Sanchez. Due to the constant changing of both liberal and conservative governors, part of the nineteenth century (nineteen) were experienced large and heavy fighting between federalists and centralists, or liberals and conservatives, which met and bloodied the nation. Guadalajara Jalisco and had to suffer such events armed. It affected the economy of the whole country and the situation came to a head when the Vice President Valentín Gómez Farías, decreed the expropriation of Church property. President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, abolished the laws of Gomez Farias and imposed centralism. Jalisco was reduced to department and then intensified the struggle between federalists and centralists. When the United States invaded Mexico in 1847, Jalisco worked for national defense brigades Perdigón and Montenegro, in the battles of Palo Alto and La Angostura. There, was injured Felipe Santiago Xicoténcatl.
Without that it would have healed from his wounds, organized the San Blas Battalion, which fought to the end, but without success, the Castle of Chapultepec, the September 13, 1847, before the assault by the armies of the United States .
The garrison of Mexico, along with Guadalajara, accepted the Plan of Ayutla and Juan Alvarez as President who finally chose to leave office Ignacio Comonfort.
The Three Years War (1857-1860) is another terrible episode Guadalajara, led again by fighting between liberals and conservatives, both groups with very balanced forces, which resulted in a confrontation between the two factions.
The problem initially derived this Congress to enact the 1857 Constitution and the 1859 Reform Laws, same as a part of the clergy considered prudent and accepted them. Stresses at the time the presence and wisdom of Santos Degollado, Guadalajara who enters the September 27, 1858 in front of the Liberals.
Jalisco declared full sovereignty. Guadalajara, then, when it became the capital of the Republic, once Juarez established his power in the Government Palace of the entity (February 14, 1858).
Jalisco Guadalajara and all are transformed, from these facts, in a field of constant clashes. The following March 13, about five hundred prisoners who were in jail Palace were released dedicating these to commit all kinds of destructive acts of the building and, then, took to the streets to do the same in the different neighborhoods, not without having insulted and abused the President Juarez and his cabinet.
The same Juárez and his ministers, were about to be shot inside the Government Palace by a gang of soldiers of his own army, who managed to enter the building. It saved because, according to tradition, Don Guillermo Prieto covered his body with the president and, addressing the soldiers, harangued them: "The brave do not murder".
On March 18, the Conservatives came to Guadalajara. General came forward Parrodi. Two days later, knowing the situation, Juarez and his cabinet were in need Ochoa leaving the capital in search of a safer haven, which turned out to be Colima. Road to the place, in Acatlán again President Juarez was in grave danger.
General Luis G. Osollo, who had received at the hands of Anastasio Guadalajara Parrodi, was a Conservative government would be headed by Urban Tovar, elected on March 24.
The triumph of the Liberals, Guadalajara fell into power in December 1860. It was the latest in terms of problems. As a result of this civil war, Guadalajara continued to lose its artistic heritage. The convent of Santo Domingo was destroyed completely, San Francisco, El Carmen and others suffered partially. Upon arrival of the emperor Maximilian and Carlota, during the French invasion (1864-1867), Marshal Bazaine entered Guadalajara to the neglect of those who lived here and even defended. The city was in the presence Delmás powerful army in the world at that time. Who did act were the guerrillas and some liberal victories and consequent reprisals.
The French were called by Napoleon III and for that reason left Guadalajara in December 1866, which continued to suffer from other problems generated within the state, and the bankrupt that existed at that time strongly.
Nineteenth century. Culture, Science and Art
With the nineteenth century came also the spirit of change that was established three hundred years, in reality, the trace of the colonial prevailed throughout the nineteenth century.
The Guadalajara today is largely the result of what is lived and forged in the nineteenth century. Although many facts military, and political problems of a major economic imbalance, Guadalajara went ahead on the basis that in the field of culture was able to maintain.
The cultural tradition of Guadalajara, despite the circumstances and have a great business and commercial vocation, he continued to transcend outstanding people in the middle of the culture, arts and science.
Among the most prominent are: The lawyer Ignacio Luis Vallarta, the novelist José López Portillo y Rojas, the writer, journalist and playwright, Refugio J. Gonzalez, the lawyer Miguel Contreras Medellin Fray José María de Jesús Jiménez, benefactor, Bishop Pedro Loza and Pardavé, entrepreneur and industrialist Francisco Martínez Negrete. Fray Manuel of St. John Chrysostom.
Discalced Carmelite, was one of the most remarkable men of the nineteenth century, especially dedicated to research on the tremors of the earth, to archeology and ancient history, to the point that he also studied the languages Nahuatl and Otomi Purembe well as dead languages of Europe, more Latin and Greek.
Also include Dr. José Eleuterio González Mendoza, architect Jacobo Galvez, author of the project of Teatro Degollado, the painter Gerardo Suarez, the priest and historian Agustin Rivera and Sanromán, the educator Agustin de la Rosa, the jurist Emeterio and poets like Gil Robles Ester Tapia de Castellanos, among many others.
The nineteenth century left some works of great value. This is the case of the Teatro Degollado, whose construction was precisely the time that passed one of the most painful episodes for the city: The Three Years War.
Within the same Teatro Degollado, the paintings in the vault, the product of his James Galvez and his comrade and friend Gerardo Suarez, are the work of high quality, which could be considered as one of the few murals that were made in this century. In summary, the nineteenth century left in Guadalajara, despite their plight, not a large volume of architectural, but the estimable result of the effort and will of intellectuals, artists and priests who gave luster to the country and his city .
The porphyria in Guadalajara, last quarter of the nineteenth century (1875-1900)
This definitely marks the end of the century a radical change. Start a new political and social. This is the Porfirian era, which began after the triumph of the Revolution of Tuxtepec (TUXTEPEC) in 1876, and ended in 1911, after the start of the Mexican Revolution.
Although in the nineteenth century in Guadalajara, as elsewhere, there was some progress in all aspects, such as commercial, industrial, etc., Or in terms of education and culture, the best results were to the stage in which Porfirio Díaz Mori ruled, as to be peace, it brought progress. It is a fact that during the Porfiriato, there were abuses by groups and individuals, as has always happened throughout history. However, it is necessary to see the positive in his time and not dwell on the negative only.
Porfirio Diaz was loved by many in the area of Jalisco though, for obvious reasons, there were also those who did not want it. Nevertheless, it is clear that left great works for the benefit of Guadalajara and Mexico. Guadalajara has many noble houses and buildings built in this time of great beauty and value. The city stands great with that architecture, especially in the city center.
They multiplied in Guadalajara hospitals (of mothers Josephine and Charity) schools, (of the Salesians, mothers Sisters and the Ladies of the Sacred Heart, and High Schools for boys and girls), the Mezquitan Cemetery, entered the rail, tram and electric light to the city bank branches came from Spain and Mexico, London and Mexico, were built some dams and reservoirs and more.
Abounded painters, sculptors, writers, historians, philosophers, teachers, architects, all kinds of artists in general, which proves that there was social welfare in the majority, since the work is abundant and can hardly be art without first hunger is satisfied and if the spirit is not at peace. The concern of Porfirio Diaz was highly patriotic and determined to take the country to be equaled in prestige and quality, with France and the nations at that time were the most important.
Hence the "Frenchness", which was offset by the boost to the national in all the arts. It is the example of the former Cine Cuauhtemoc of Guadalajara, whose facade still exists, in the street of Juan Manuel. Also was key in clearing debts with money that Mexico had different nations, and then reinforcing a positive image of our country in the Universal Exhibitions that were installed in Europe, sending them the best exponents of culture and art, with the so that was known to Mexico. Guadalajara Jalisco and, of course, were present. All these projects were covered in full within ten years, which means that, from 1886, this was superseded material. Now, still raise the standard of living of the people by promoting work in the field of industry, trade, production and proper management of the economy.
This is where the country and know the peace and Guadalajara, but the problem persisted with the Church by some groups, from 1876 private schools began to reproduce as much as several social service institutes staffed by Religious. In Guadalajara, the periods of bishops Pedro Loza, Jacinto Lopez and Romo and Jose de Jesus Ortiz, were not easy nor quiet. The January 17, 1904, took the first major religious riots throughout Jalisco, for example, in Jocotepec, Tlajomulco, Atotonilco el Alto, etc..
With its ups and downs, their successes and failures, as the problem of social injustice, the government of Porfirio Diaz Mori country achieved a working, productive, self-sufficient, but had to leave it rough by the start of the 1910 Revolution .
Guadalajara and the 1910 Revolution
Jalisco was one of the first states where elections of 1910 shook the country structure. He leaned powerfully General Bernardo Reyes, born in Guadalajara and first cousin of Ignacio L. Vallarta, for the vice-presidency.
The center of this movement was reyista Nationalist Democratic Party gave many war at the time. At the end, he had a force that came to be feared by the local government. In those years there are countless political upheavals in which the rulers of all levels up and down, in and out.
Between 1911 and 1914, although sources have variants include Octavio Lobato tapatíos mayors, Luis Alatorrre, Mauro H. Gonzalez Alvarez and Jose Maria Nazario Iguíniz Coronado.
He would come a second time, which began with the Plan of Guadalupe to Venustiano Carranza, throwing it against Victoriano Huerta. The revolution ended when proclaiming the Constitution on February 5, 1917, which is currently in force in the country.
This period is the only revolutionary event in Guadalajara: Constitutionalist Army entrance to the city, the July 8, 1914, while the uprising almost did not spread in the city because here had a military social connotation. There were, among various factions, two very strong: the Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa (Doroteo Arango, his real name) who, when he came to Guadalajara, aroused sympathy and left as ruler Julian Medina, against Manuel M . Dieguez.
The latter had come to Tzapotlan (Zapotlán). Medina was soon up in the vicinity of the hills of El Cuatro and El Gachupín (now part of the conurbation of Guadalajara) after a bloody encounter between Villa and Carranza that lasted several hours. When Carranza in 1916 convened the Constituent Congress of Querétaro, Guadalajara Dieguez commissioned from Congressman Luis Manuel Rojas, who chaired the meeting until the promulgation of the Constitution of February 5, 1917.
Archbishop Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, who ruled the archdiocese Jalisco from 1913-1936, would suffer a stage full of problems, culminating in the disagreements with Governor José Guadalupe Zuno.
These serious difficulties came not to war, because at the same time had unleashed another against Álvaro Obregón, once it sought to impose a Plutarco Elias Calles to succeed him, which eventually made between the years of 1924 and 1928.
Zuno's government (1923-1926), issued Labour laws, Expropriation and Finance; intensified land distribution and reopened the old university, same as the October 12, 1925, was solemnly reopened under the name University of Guadalajara.
The Cristero War in Guadalajara
After the Revolution of 1910 and then the promulgation of the Constitution of 1917, intensified the struggle to reduce the presence and power of the Catholic Church.
Governments after 1917 tried at all costs to enforce the constitutional provisions relating to Articles 3 (secular education), 5th (religious vows), 24 (external worship), 27 fraction II (church property) and 130 (intervention in worship and discipline of the Church).
Catholic Society bother with such government position and the Church came into conflict with the state. That one made many attempts to get along with the Calles government, but this one, not down one point to its position.
The March 26, 1922, the Guadalajara Tenants Union, organized a rally that culminated in the atrium of San Francisco, where they faced Catholics were leaving Mass, leaving six dead and twelve wounded, all Catholics .
After the logical anger tapatía society to events, organized a tumultuous demonstration in which was to bury the dead of the previous days. He was mayor of Guadalajara Luis C. Medina, who was fired down upon as very tolerant to the events of March 26. In May 1922, he was appointed mayor José Guadalupe Zuno. But, the last days of August, left office in order to campaign for state governor.
After the November 1922 elections, won Zuno well above his opponent. It took the governor on 1 March 1923 and thereby exacerbated the problems in the state, not only in religion, but also because their relations with the central government were not all good.
President Plutarco Elias Calles (1924-1928), without much sympathy in Guadalajara, took command of the nation and, little by little, they alter the mood. Consequently, the bishops decreed that the temples were closed, which sparked a popular uprising against the government, especially the president's tactless in the management of constitutional points involved.
The bishops were persecuted and even banished by the federal government. Many priests were made prisoners, or concentrated in the capital, or even killed to fulfill their religious duties. Convents were seized, nursing homes, schools and hospitals staffed by religious. Catholics also formed groups to defend themselves.
Thus were born the People's Union of Jalisco, the Catholic Association of Mexican Youth and in the city of Mexico, the National League Defender of Religious Liberty. The circumstances had deteriorated so much that in 1921 began to have skirmishes between groups of workers, members of the Revolutionary Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM) and Catholics, which eventually culminated in the Streets Act of 1926. Both government officials and the Church, attempted one final arrangement with which the problem came out both with dignity. Not so. The suspended Church worship.
Upon completion Zuno government, became known one of the most difficult periods of Mexican history: The Cristero War of 1926-1929. Guadalajara and Jalisco were generally lived regions where this movement more intense.
Over nearly three years, developed an armed movement with alternating intellectual type actions and various strategies for civilian and military type, highlighting among all these Brigades St. Joan of Arc, made by women of all social classes helped the fighters.
From all this, there were heroic characters whose names should not be lost in oblivion, such as Anacleto González Flores, brothers George and Ramon Vargas Gonzalez and Luis Padilla Gómez, all tortured and shot by the government on 1 April 1927 in the Colorado headquarters in Guadalajara, today recognized beatified by the Church.
To Archbishop Francisco Orozco y Jiménez, who ruled the Church in Jalisco (February 1913-February 1936) were still difficult and troubled times, with the break between the Church and the government of Jalisco.
Guadalajara in the early twentieth century (1930-1950)
Continued violent movements, including armed against religion, although weaker, causing fear in the country, mainly in Guadalajara that was very involved in it.
Plutarco Elías Calles was revealed excellent ruler. However, apart from the Cristero War, there were attempts glared shootings insurrection. Which worried Jalisco and of course to Guadalajara.
Governor Sebastian Allende, determined to continue the social principles of the Revolution, closed religious schools in Guadalajara and the state and government schools opened. Inclusive, preferring academic freedom and autonomy, the University of Guadalajara was closed. He was mayor Eduardo G. González. On March 3, 1935 and, as a result of previous movements, the University of the West was born later Autonoma de Guadalajara.
The next governor, Everardo Topete managed to reopen the doors of the University of Guadalajara, and there were important cultural events. To the municipality of Guadalajara Topete Florencio governed it. José Clemente Orozco, painted with unquestionable technical and aesthetic value his murals in the Hospicio Cabañas, the Government Palace and the auditorium of the University. The sound film also made its appearance in Guadalajara during the administration of Topete, with movies: Back in the Rancho Grande, The Underdogs, El compadre Mendoza and Mexican blood.
Also created several theaters: Varieties, Alameda, Metropólitan, Juarez, etc..
After Topete, took office on Silvano Barba González Jalisco during the presidency of Manuel Avila Camacho. To Guadalajara, this government was positive, as was legislated on urbanization, cultural services, industry, traffic, police, labor, tourism. At that time they began to settle in the city and around Guadalajara, large businesses and industries, creating thousands of jobs. Luis Alvarez del Castillo and Salvador González Romo were tapatíos mayors who collaborated with the governor.
General Marcelino García Barragán focused more in rural areas. Guadalajara has authorized a number of subdivisions and legislated respect. At the end of his term was removed and replaced the power provisionally, Saturnino Coronado. They sent in the capital city of Jalisco, Jose de Jesus Landeros and his successor, Francisco Hernández Arana. Instead, Jesus Gonzalez Gallo, with the collaboration of its mayors, Heliodorus Loza and Angel Hernandez F. Martinez was signally townsman. Guadalajara underwent major changes at the end of the first half of the twentieth century, with a different appearance, while which suffered large losses as a consequence of the Second World War. It imposed consumerist capitalist system under one slogan: Progress. Because of the "progress" that was handled then, was lost forever much of the historical and cultural heritage of the city, reflected in its noble buildings of the past.
Second half of the twentieth century
During this time begins its development Guadalajara, Jalisco governor, Agustín Yáñez, promoted respect for human life, stating that this respect is necessary for peace, private property and the municipality. With engineer Jorge Matute Remus, as mayor, from 1953 to 1956 was built here the first country bus station, located on Calle R. Michel, between February 5 and Los Angeles, the work of Mr. Miguel Aldana Mijares.
Being mayor Prof. Juan Gil Preciado, given the intellectual formation of Yanez, was ordered built in Guadalajara the new Public Library, the Casa de la Cultura, opposite the Parque Agua Azul. Similarly, Governor Agustín Yáñez sent to municipal and rural schools; sought coastal development, improvement and construction of roads, hydroelectric projects, the cultivation of maize, popular trade and conducted health campaigns.
He performed the first industrial corridor, founded the Jalisco Institute of Anthropology and History, the Museum of Archaeology of Western Mexico and built by the Social Sciences and Humanities at the University of Guadalajara, and the Average of Jalisco.
The headline of the state of Jalisco was Juan Gil Preciado who, along with the following three governors, Jalisco Guadalajara made a strong entity in terms of its industrial and agricultural structure. Municipal presidents during management were Juan Gil Preciado I. Menchaca and Francisco Medina Ascencio.
He lived a peaceful environment without serious internal conflicts. Gil Preciado Governor resigned to become Secretary of Agriculture at the federal level, taking his place Mr. Jesus Limon. During this administration, the January 31, 1960 opened the Estadio Jalisco, with a capacity for approximately thirty-five thousand espectadores.En 1970 was expanded to sixty-five thousand.
In 1968, during the government of Francisco Medina Ascencio (1965-1971), when the country was in full harmony and development (before the XIX Olympiad that year took place in Mexico), began a period of violence and social disruption.
In other states of the country, they faced serious problems. In Guadalajara, the mayor was Ephraim Urzua Macias. Ochoa's capital was threatened by guerrilla groups claiming social demands. Came quickly, Alberto Orozco Romero (1971-1977) who would hit a rough period of change: the public peace, production, trade, economy and all human activities, were put into crisis. Cosio Vidaurri Guillermo Navarro and Juan Delgado led the metropolitan council.
The successor, Flavio Romero de Velasco (1977-1983) was finally reduced to the urban guerrilla and recovered relative peace, with the support of the communes and Arnulfo Robles Reyes Guillermo Villaseñor Saavedra. It also launched public works in the city, built the Plaza Tapatía that to be done, had to be destroyed much of the historic city center, where he was the most important portion of the colonial Guadalajara, it is now restored , it would look with pride.
Enrique Alvarez del Castillo (1983-1988) promoted among other works, the new bus station in Tlaquepaque grounds. Your period Francisco Rodriguez Gomez finished it in 1989, because the governor was appointed Attorney General of the Republic.
Vallarta Guillermo Plata and Eugenio Ruiz Orozco led the municipality in their respective periods. Guillermo Cosio Vidaurri followed (1989-1992), who made some important works. Unfortunately it is the serious problem of the explosion in the Sector Reform Guadalajara on April 22, 1992, caused by the presence of gas in the drain. For this reason, left without fulfilling his term, and was succeeded Carlos Rivera Aceves (1992-1995), whose most important work was several road works.
Gabriel Covarrubias Ibarra was the mayor gentleman, who accounted for the celebration of the 450th anniversary of the city of Guadalajara. His successor, Enrique Dau Flores as a result of the explosion, only went to Guadalajara from 1 to April 24, 1992. Edilicio government was held by a Municipal Council who led Alberto Mora Lopez. Remain in that state government as major works for Guadalajara: Peripheral enlargement and discharge in the construction of the two light rail lines.
Since President Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), currently Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), until 1995, all governors and mayors were of the same political party. The elections were not working as intended.
He turned political transition came to power Alberto Cardenas Jimenez National Action Party (PAN). Jalisco ruled between 1995 and 2001. Renewed State regionalization benefit of municipalities, left some works in Guadalajara very useful, such as overpasses undoubtedly benefit the movement of those living in the city, and Magic Trompo facilities that concluded the Governor Francisco Javier Ramirez Acuna. Their mayors were César Coll Carabias and Francisco Javier Ramirez Acuna. Hector Perez ended Plazola these three years, once Ramirez Acuna went to campaign for governor.
They were followed by Fernando Garza Martinez and Emilio Gonzalez Marquez, who left his place to find the candidacy for governor, Ernesto Alfredo Espinosa collaborating Piggy three with Francisco Javier Ramirez Acuna, who governs the State of Jalisco, which spanned six years from 2001 to 2007 leaving undergoing some major urban road works.
Last third of the twentieth century
The XIX Olympiad, held in Mexico from October 12, 1968, provided an opportunity for the world to learn about Mexico, as well as a great joy from his preparations, building the path of friendship, as well as a number of sports buildings that were to be used by the people.
The events of October 2, 1968, the true origin is still unknown, did not affect these Olympics. However, the memory was not pleased that date that the country mourned. He was president of the republic, Mr. Gustavo Diaz Ordaz and Interior Secretary Mr. Luis Echeverria Alvarez.
From May 31 to June 21, 1970 was held the World Cup Mexico 70. Guadalajara participated as co-host. Those were the last years of prosperity, welfare and effective progress the country had lived and enjoyed since 1945 but significant changes winds unleashed.
Our city could not avoid such national situation, but on the contrary, it became the seat of serious criminal events were monitored until the government of Flavio Romero de Velasco (1977-1982). That year, 1982, was only in Guadalajara, the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar and, therefore, inflation turned, emigration and economic disaster.
He aggravated the problem of poverty, joblessness grew, the famine and, logically, insecurity and crime, to which is added a series of treaties and economic arrangements with the United States, which are becoming increasingly Mexico disadvantage.
In 1982, part of the drainage of the colony independence suffered an explosion and on April 22, 1992, came the explosion of our city Sector Reform, which was recorded as one of the country's large urban disasters. The year of 1986 was repeated World Cup being Guadalajara as a subsidiary. On the other hand, in 1991 held in Guadalajara to host the First Summit of Heads of State.
The May 24, 1993, was assassinated at the airport in Guadalajara, Cardinal and Archbishop of the entity, Juan Jesus Posadas Ocampo, deplorable fact just before the beatification of the martyrs twenty Mexicans, many Jalisco, canonized the month May 2000.
Since 1995 in Jalisco and in 2000, in the nation, following the political elections of those dates fell ruling party for over seventy years, and this became opposition.
In 2004. XLVIII Guadalajara hosted the International Eucharistic Congress, leaving to rise to the occasion. The activities in the field have declined. Guadalajara no longer has room for planting and focus mainly locals manufacturing and trade. Therefore, largely food must be imported, where Jalisco and Mexico had been producing and exporting some of them forever.
Mexico disproportionate Treaties and abuse of some sectors have led trade imports have a much higher than what was done in Mexico.
Guadalajara, Today
Currently Guadalajara is one of the most important cities in the country and in Latin America, as has the presence of large companies and large commercial basis. Noteworthy is the cultural and economic importance in Mexico exercised. Currently with 4 million people along with Zapopan, Tonala, Tlaquepaque, Tlajomulco de Zuniga and El Salto, Guadalajara is the second largest city in population. The importance of the city is great, for its job creation and establishment of large companies such as Siemens, Motorola, Kodak and Coca-Cola, as well as a growing number of technological and electronic industries as Solectron, Intel, JPL or Hewlett-Packard Panther .
Megaprojects referred to this city are by far the most ambitious projects in Latin America that placed Guadalajara as one of the base points in the economy and modernity in Mexico. The geographical point where the very significant and strategic ago. The communications infrastructure is one of the most modern and functional in the country, Guadalajara is a major urban center that attracts investors and commerce worldwide, has several trade centers first level. In 1987 he opened Expo Guadalajara. Guadalajara has one of the best hotel infrastructure in the country with more than 25,000 rooms in the city. In education has important Guadalajara schools with national and global prestige, such as the University of Guadalajara, University UNIVA Atemajac Valley, the Universidad Panamericana, ITESO, and the Autonomous University of Guadalajara (UAG), among other.
The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area has several shopping centers with cutting-edge infrastructure which brings together the best international brands in a wide range of products. Thus, it is a shopping paradise for the people of the region west of the country, the city is a national leader in growth and investment in shopping centers, thanks to the culture that is in them, besides their great height and influence it has had on the population Ochoa. It currently has some of the best malls in the country and one of the largest in Latin America (Guadalajara Galleries 360). Today was built "Plaza Andares" in one of the fastest developing residential areas in the country, this mall is destined to be the most unique in Latin America.
Among the most important projects under construction include: Torrena, JVC center, the Guggenheim Museum and the University Cultural Center, among others, this explosion in real estate development is one of the most important in history. Its cultural wealth has taken her to be a major focus in the tourism sector, the city generates several major cultural events of the country, and is a usual stopover for tourists visiting Mexico.
Guadalajara is shelter of a large circle of artists and consumers of art and culture.
Taking culture as the key to the development of Guadalajara, the Guggenheim Foundation has approved the construction of what will be the sixth International headquarters Guggenheim Museum which is currently under construction and has been the subject of worldwide attention, he and most of the projects now under construction in Guadalajara, turn focus to give priority to cultural wave covering the city, this being a legacy of ancestry and the key to development in Guadalajara which will be established as the new cultural icon in Latin America for years . The city was also host the 2011 Pan American Games.
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